EXCHANGED TRADED FUNDS

An exchange-traded fund (ETF) is an investment fund traded on stock exchanges, much like stocks. An ETF holds assets such as stocks, commodities, or bonds, and trades close to its net asset value over the course of the trading day. Most ETF’s track an index, such as the S&P 500 or MSCI EAFE. ETF’s may be attractive as investments because of their low costs, tax efficiency, and stock-like features. ETF’s are the most popular type of exchange-traded product.

Only so-called authorized participants (typically, large institutional investors) actually buy or sell shares of an ETF directly from or to the fund manager and then only in creation units which are large blocks of tens of thousands of ETF shares, usually exchanged in-kind with baskets of the underlying securities. Authorized participants may wish to invest in the ETF shares for the long-term but usually act as market makers on the open market, using their ability to exchange creation units with their underlying securities to provide liquidity of the ETF shares and help ensure that their intraday market price approximates to the net asset value of the underlying assets. Other investors, such as individuals using a retail broker, trade ETF shares on this secondary market.

An ETF combines the valuation feature of a mutual fund or unit investment trust which can be bought or sold at the end of each trading day for its net asset value, with the tradability feature of a closed-end fund, which trades throughout the trading day at prices that may be more or less than its net asset value. Closed-end funds are not considered to be “ETF’s,” even though they are funds and are traded on an exchange. ETF’s have been available in the US since 1993 and in Europe since 1999. ETF’s traditionally have been index funds, but in 2008 the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission began to authorize the creation of actively managed ETF’s.

*Mutual Funds involve a high degree of risk and are not appropriate for all investors.